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Technical Information

Technical Information > Materials

Materials

Carbon Steel

Stainless Steel

Brass

Bronze

Silicon Bronze

Nylon

Aluminum Alloys

Carbon Steel:

Low carbon steels generally contain less than 0.25% carbon and cannot be strengthened by heat- treating (strengthening can only be accomplished through cold working). The low carbon material is relatively soft and weak, but has outstanding ductility and toughness. In addition, it is machineable, weld-able, and is relatively inexpensive to produce.

Alloy	UNS Designation	Carbon (max)	Manganese (max)	Phosphorus (max)	Sulfur (max)	Silicon	Chromium	Nickel	Molybdenum	Other Elements
1010	G10100	0.08-0.13%	0.30-0.60%	0.04%	0.05%	-	-	-	-	-
1018	G10180	0.14-0.20%	0.60-0.90%	0.04%	0.05%	-	-	-	-	-
1020	G10200	0.17-0.23%	0.30-0.60%	0.04%	0.05%	-	-	-	-	-
1022	G10220	0.17-0.23%	0.70-1.00%	0.04%	0.05%	-	-	-	-	-

Medium carbon steels have carbon concentrations between 0.25% and 0.60%. These steels may be heat-treated by austenizing, quenching, and then tempering to improve their mechanical properties. On a strength-to-cost basis, the heat-treated medium carbon steels provide tremendous load carrying ability.

Alloy	UNS Designation	Carbon (max)	Manganese (max)	Phosphorus (max)	Sulfur (max)	Silicon	Chromium	Nickel	Molybdenum	Other Elements
1030	G10300	0.27-0.34%	0.60-0.90%	0.04%	0.05%	-	-	-	-	-
1040	G10400	0.37-0.44%	0.60-0.90%	0.04%	0.05%	-	-	-	-	-
1045	G10450	0.42-0.50%	0.60-0.90%	0.04%	0.05%	-	-	-	-	-
1060	G10600	0.55-0.66%	0.60-0.90%	0.04%	0.05%	-	-	-	-	-

Alloy steel An iron-based mixture is considered to be an alloy steel when manganese is greater than 1.65%, silicon over 0.5%, copper above 0.6%, or other minimum quantities of alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, or tungsten are present. An enormous variety of distinct properties can be created for the steel by substituting these elements in the recipe to increase hardness, strength, or chemical resistance.

	UNS Designation	Carbon (max)	Manganese (max)	Phosphorus (max)	Sulfur (max)	Silicon	Chromium	Nickel	Molybdenum	Other Elements
4130	G41300	0.28-0.33%	0.40-0.60%	0.035%	0.04%	0.15-0.35%	0.80-1.10%	-	0.15-0.25%	-
4140	G41400	0.38-0.43%	0.75-1.00%	0.035%	0.04%	0.15-0.35%	0.80-1.00%	-	0.15-0.25%	0.15-0.35% Pb
4330	G43300	0.25-0.35%	0.75-1.00%	0.035%	0.04%	0.70%	0.55-0.90%	1.50-2.00%	0.30%	-
4340	G43400	0.38-0.43%	0.60-0.80%	0.35%	0.04%	0.15-0.35%	0.70-0.90%	1.65-2.00%	0.50-0.30%	-

Stainless Steel:

Austenitic stainless steel accounts for 85% - 90% of the stainless fasteners. It has the best corrosion resistance of stainless alloys; is non-magnetic before cold working; has low heat conductivity and good strength at higher temperatures; and is not hardenable by heat treatment.

Alloy	UNS Designation	Carbon (max)	Manganese (max)	Phosphorus (max)	Sulfur (max)	Silicon	Chromium	Nickel	Copper	Other Elements
18-8	-	0.08%	2%	0.2%	0.03-15%	1%	17-20%	8-13%	0-4%	-
302	S30200	0.15%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	17-19%	8-10%	-	-
303	S30300	0.15%	2%	0.02%	0.15%min	1%	17-19%	8-10%	-	-
304	S30400	0.08%	2%	0.45%	0.03%	1%	18-20%	8-10.5%	1%	-
304L	S30403	0.03%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	18-20%	8-12%	1%	-
305	S30500	0.12%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	17-19%	10.5-13%	1%	-
309	S30900	0.20%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	22-24%	12-15%	-	-
310	S31000	0.25%	2%	0.045%	0.035%	1.5%	24-26%	19-22%	-	-
316	S31600	0.08%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	16-18%	10-14%	2-3%	-
316L	S31603	0.03%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	16-18%	10-14%	2-3%	-
317	S31700	0.08%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	18-20%	11-15%	3-4%	-
321	S32100	0.08%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	17-19%	9-12%	-	Titanium 5 X Carbon
347	S34700	0.08%	2%	0.045%	0.03%	1%	17-19%	9-13%	-	Columbian Tantalum 10 X Carbon

Martensitic stainless steel accounts for about 5% of the stainless fasteners. Its no nickel content and high carbon content mean the lowest corrosion resistance of the stainless alloys and it is magnetic.

Alloy	UNS Designation	Carbon (max)	Manganese (max)	Phosphorus (max)	Sulfur (max)	Silicon	Chromium	Nickel	Copper	Other Elements
410	S41000	0.15%	1%	0.04%	0.03%	1%	11.5-13.5%	-	-	-
416	S41600	0.15%	1.25%	0.06%	0.15%min	1%	12-14%	-	-	-
420	S42000	0.15%min	1%	0.04%	0.03%	1%	12-14%	-	-	-

Ferritic stainless steel accounts for only a few percent of the stainless fasteners. Its high chromium content helps corrosion resistance, and it is magnetic and cannot be hardened by heat treatment.

Alloy	UNS Designation	Carbon (max)	Manganese (max)	Phosphorus (max)	Sulfur (max)	Silicon	Chromium	Nickel	Copper	Other Elements
405	S40500	0.08%	1%	0.04%	0.03%	1%	11.5-14.5%	-	-	1-3% Aluminum
430	S43000	0.12%	1%	0.04%	0.03%	1%	16-18%	-	-	-

Brass:Brass is one of the most widely used of the copper alloys and consists of 70% copper and 30% zinc. It is malleable and ductile and has excellent cold-working, but poor hot-working and machining properties. It is excellent for soft-soldering; good for silver alloy brazing or oxyacetylene welding, but fair for resistance or carbon-arc welding. It is used for drawn cartridges, tubes, eyelet machine items, and snap fasteners.

Bronze:Bronze is an alloy containing 90% copper and 10% tin It is somewhat stronger than copper and brass, and has equal or better ductility. It is used for screws, wire, hardware, wear plates, bushings, and springs.

Silicon Bronze:Silicon bronze is an alloy made of 95% - 98% copper, plus a small amount of silicon added for strength. Small amounts of manganese and aluminum may also be added for strength; and lead may be added for machineability. It is non-magnetic, with a high degree of thermal conductivity and high corrosion resistance against sea water, gases, and sewage.

Nylon:Nylon is resistant to heat, shock vibration, and chemicals. It is light weight, self-extinguishing, and is UL-approved. Because of the ease which nylon is molded, almost all the fasteners that are made in metal are made in nylon.

Aluminum Alloys:Aluminum alloys have become very popular for all types of fasteners because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, the ease of working with them, and their resistance to both chemical and atmospheric corrosion.